Sorghum grain is the fifth most important cereal in the world. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. Moench is a subject of plant genomics research based on its importance as one of the worlds leading cereal crops, a biofuels crop of high and growing importance, a progenitor of one of the worlds most noxious weeds, and a botanical model for many tropical grasses with complex genomes. Seasonal trends of postemergence herbicide phytotoxicity in johnsongrass sorghum halepense. See our written findings for more information about johnsongrass sorghum halepense. There are no critical maximum or minimum daily temperatures for germination of lycopus europaeus seeds, if the difference between the two temperatures exceeds 7c thompson, 1969a. The first sequence for a member of the clade, sorghum, as well as progress and challenges toward sequencing of additional members and the new opportunities that this will create, are also explored. The literature on various aspects of the biology of johnson grass.
The atlas of florida plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Scientists see the potential of sorghum as a main staple food in. Ecobiology, impact, and management of sorghum halepense. Data source and references for sorghum halepense johnsongrass from the usda plants database. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the university of south florida and other herbaria. This can result in smaller seed and reduced yield of the latter, and can complicate control of s. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in.
This weed is adapted to warmer regions and is native to mediterranean areas of africa, asia, and europe. Sorghum species are interfertile, and johnsongrass readily hybridizes with sorghum s. Land preparation using guzza oxen and labour sharing scheme. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae, which includes about 25 species. Center for field biology miscellaneous publication no. It is considered a weed in all annual agricultural crops, orchards, vineyards, ditches, roadsides and fence rows. The scientific name of johnson grass is sorghum halepense l. One species, sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Key aspects on the biology, ecology and impacts of sorghum. Book of abstracts of the vii congress on plant protection. Johnson grass was first used as the common name in alabama, usa, where it was first cultivated as a fodder grass. Johnson grass or johnsongrass, sorghum halepense, is a plant in the grass family, poaceae. It was introduced to the southern united states in the early 1800s as a perennial forage crop and is still in use for cattle grazing in many states. Scientists see the potential of sorghum as a main staple food in a future challenged by climate change.
Orghum grain sorghum is the third most important cereal crop grown in the united states and the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. The 1889 book the useful native plants of australia records that sorghum halepense is a strong, erectgrowing. Report on johnsongrass from the book weed control in natural areas in the western united states additional photos. Topics discussed include its distribution, cytology, taxonomy, life cycle, variability and the dormancy and germination of its seeds and rhizomes. Sorghum halepense choose from the following categories of information.
This page was last edited on 20 september 2017, at 17. The mentioned counties are also the largest producing ones, with phillips ranking. It is emerging as a potential menace for agroecosystems in 53 different countries across the world. The dordt college biology department aims to motivate and equip gods people to care for themselves, their neighbors, and the rest of creation by providing them with a foundational knowledge of biology and the skills needed to use that knowledge in their chosen field.
Millets and sorghum provides full and comprehensive coverage of these crucially important crops, their biology, world status and potential for improvement, and is an essential purchase for crop and plant scientists, and food scientists and technologists throughout the developed and developing world. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. Sorghum handbook white sorghum, the new food grain developing markets, enabling trade, improving lives. The book presented should help to synthesize the literature and achievements in the research on the biology of sorghum in the 21st century. A rich history of genome analysis, culminating in the recent complete. Fall panicum panicum dichotomiflorum michauxpandi is a summer annual, to 1 m tall, that resembles johnsongrass.
In the mid1900s, cultivation of this weed species as a potential forage crop resulted in its. Dormancy and germination in 5 native species from savannah woodland communities of the northern territory australia. Sorghum handbook agricultural marketing resource center. An industrial perspective explores the many uses for sorghum in industry and biofuels. Indiana nonnative plant invasiveness ranking form assessment for invasive plants not in trade form originally created for use in new york indiana form version date. Several members of the clade, exemplified by sorghum halepense johnsongrass offer insights into weediness and invasion biology. Sorghum is among the top five cereals and one of the key crops in global food security efforts.
Accelerated development in johnsongrass seedlings sorghum. Sustained gains in plant breeding rely on variation in crop gene pool. Sorghum is a resilient crop under highstress environments, ensuring productivity and access to food when other crops fail. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern united states and adjacent canada. Grain sorghum is the most commonly cultivated agronomic type of sorghum worldwide berenji and dahlberg, 2004. Handweeding is effective only when the plants are young and when the soil is softened or loose enough to remove all roots and rhizomes without. Genetics, genomics and breeding of sorghum crc press book sorghum is one of the hardiest crop plants in modern agriculture and also one of the most versatile. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Sorghum halepense acs publications american chemical society.
Grain sorghum acreage expanded in most of the traditional grain sorghum producing counties in 2002. Genetics, genomics and breeding of sorghum crc press book. The scientific name of johnsongrass is sorghum halepense l. Overview appearance sorghum halepense is a tall up to 8 ft. Pdf sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of africa and asia. Genomic tools and information are being applied to harness new sources of variations by using s.
Sorghum sorghum bicolor includes widely diverse types of annual and perennial types. Kowal, department of botany, university of wisconsinmadison. Johnsongrass sorghum halepense is a summer perennial grass native to the mediterranean region. The plant has been introduced to all continents except antarctica, and most larger islands and archipelagos. The universally accepted name sorghumhalepense refers to the town of allepo in syria, the origin of the specimen described by linneaus. It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds johnson grass has been used for forage and to stop erosion, but it is often considered a weed because. A young boy feeding an ox with sorghum leaves and thin stalks. When it is under stress, it produces hydrocyanic acid which is toxic to grazing livestock. Sorghum halepense with its white leaf vein, wide leaves, and reddish. Provided by usda nrcs national plant data center npdc.
Furthermore, special attention is given to the important role of field trials. The optimum high temperature depends on the species and varies from 2225c in apium graveolens thompson, 1974 to 45c in sorghum halepense harrington, 1923. May 27, 2016 sorghum is a smart food, feed, and bioenergy crop, adapted worldwide to temperate and tropical climates. The crop is a heat and drought tolerant, drylandadapted crop that is generally grown in marginal crop production areas. Biology and management of johnsongrass sorghum halepense introduction johnsongrass sorghum halepense is a summer perennial grass native to the mediterranean region. Key aspects on the biology, ecology and impacts of. It is one of the important dryland crops grown in marginal soils and a source of feed, fodder.
Aruna c, audilakshmi s 2008 reproductive biology and breeding behaviour of sorghum. Origin, classification, biology and improvement springerlink. Sorghum bicolor sorghum, broomcorn, kafir, sudangrass. Sorghum halepense an overview sciencedirect topics. By the end of the 19th century johnson grass was growing throughout most of the united states mcwhorter 1981. Photo by jonathan walther, usda nrcs, tucson plant materials center alternate names activity in the soil is similar to the activity of a pre alternate common names. Other problems can arise from gene transfer between sorghum halepense and s.
Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams. Sorghum halepense authorship and citation feis abbreviation synonyms nrcs plant code common names. It was introduced to the united states in the early 1800s as a potential forage crop. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the. Sorghum injera ethiopian pancake used for human food. Nodes and internodes of fall panicum give the plant a zigzag appearance. Flowering sorghum seed head and vegetation in tucson, arizona.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. In 2009, 82% of harvested area of sorghum was within africa and asia fao, 2011. Decreases nutrient and moisture availability to other plants. Its seeds provide calorie for food and feed, stalks for building and industrial materials and its juice for syrup. Biology department faculty work by department dordt. The biology of 3 known biotypes a, b, and c of schizaphis graminum rondani was studied at various temperature gradients from 10. Not only does it offer a detailed understanding of the physical and biochemical qualities of the grain, it also takes an indepth look at the role sorghum plays in such industries as brewing and ethanol production and the mechanics of postharvest processing and value addition. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Johnsongrass sorghum halepense physiology and control. An sorghum halepense in nahilalakip ha genus nga sorghum, ngan familia nga poaceae. Over 231,000 sorghum accessions are conserved globally, with the international crops research institute for the semiarid tropics icrisat genebank holding 39,234. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Sorghum halepense is a cosmopolitan weed thought to be native to the mediterranean region holm et al.
Home profile page data source and documentation for sorghum halepense l. Nonnative plant invasiveness ranking form assessment for invasive plants not in trade form originally created for use in new york indiana form version date. Ecobiology, impact, and management of sorghum halepense l. November 1, 2010 3 it has been successfully used in controlling erosion due to its extensive rhizome network. Interference potential of sorghum halepense on soil and plant. Wider taxonomic and genomic range of the genus sorghum. Introductory distribution and occurrence botanical and ecological characteristics fire ecology fire effects management considerations references introductory species. Reddy belum vs, ramesh s, ashok kumar a, gowda cll eds sorghum improvement in the new millennium. Sorghum plant is a potentially attractive raw material for food, feed, fuel and industry hallgren et al. Johnson grass or johnsongrass, sorghum halepense, is a plant in the grass family, poaceae, native to asia and northern africa. Pers is a common and noxious worldwide weed of increasing distribution in many european countries.
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